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Judith Pamela Butler [2] born February 24, is an American philosopher and gender theorist whose work has influenced political philosophyethicsand the fields of third-wave feminismqueer theory[3] and literary theory. They are also the Hannah Arendt Bbk politics dissertation at the European Graduate School. Butler is best known bbk politics dissertation their books Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity and Bodies That Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sexin which they challenge conventional notions of gender and develop their theory of gender performativity.
This theory has had a major influence on feminist and queer scholarship. Butler has supported lesbian and gay rights movements and they have spoken out on many contemporary political issues, [7] including criticism of Israeli politics, bbk politics dissertation.
Judith Butler was born on February 24,in Cleveland, Ohio[2] to a family of Hungarian-Jewish and Russian-Jewish descent. Their mother was raised Orthodoxeventually becoming Conservative and then Reformwhile their father was raised Reform. As a child and teenager, Butler attended both Hebrew school and special classes on Jewish ethicswhere they received their "first training in philosophy", bbk politics dissertation.
Butler stated in a interview with Haaretz that they began the ethics classes at the age of 14 and that they were created as a form of punishment by Butler's Hebrew school's Rabbi because they were "too talkative in class", bbk politics dissertation. Could German Idealism be held accountable for Nazism? And how was one to understand existential theologyincluding the work of Martin Buber? Butler attended Bennington College before transferring to Yale Universitywhere they studied philosophy and received a Bachelor of Arts in and a Doctor of Philosophy in Butler serves on the editorial board or advisory board of several bbk politics dissertation journals, including JAC: A Journal of Rhetoric, Culture, and Politics and Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and Society.
In the essay "Performative Acts and Gender Constitution: An Essay in Phenomenology and Feminist Theory" Judith Butler proposes that gender is performative. Because gender identity is established through behavior, there is a possibility to construct different genders via different behaviors, bbk politics dissertation.
Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity was first published inselling over bbk politics dissertation, copies internationally, in multiple languages. Butler offers a critique of the terms gender and sex as they have been used by feminists.
Butler writes that this approach reinforces the binary view of gender relations. Butler believes that feminists should not try to define "women" and they also believe that feminists should "focus on providing an account of how power functions and shapes our understandings of womanhood not only in the society at large but also within the feminist movement. The idea of identity as free bbk politics dissertation flexible and gender as a performance, not an essence, is one of the foundations of queer theory.
Judith Butler explores the production of identities such as homosexual and heterosexual and the limiting nature of identity categories. An identity category for Butler is a result of certain exclusions bbk politics dissertation concealments, and thus a site of regulation, bbk politics dissertation. Butler acknowledges, however, that categorized identities are important for political action at the present time. Butler believes that identity forms through repetition or imitation and is not original.
Butler also states that imitation fosters the illusion of continuity, and that heterosexual identity is set up as an ideal and requires constant, compulsive repetition if it is to be safeguarded. Performativity cannot be understood outside of a process of iterability, a regularized and constrained repetition of norms. And this repetition is not performed by a subject; this repetition is what enables a subject and constitutes the temporal condition for the subject.
This iterability implies that 'performance' is not a singular 'act' or event, but a ritualized production, a bbk politics dissertation reiterated under and through constraint, under and through the force of prohibition and taboo, with the threat of ostracism and even death controlling and compelling the shape of the production, but not, I will insist, determining it fully in bbk politics dissertation. In Excitable Speech: A Politics of the PerformativeButler surveys the problems of hate speech and censorship.
They argue that censorship is difficult to evaluate, and that in some cases it may be useful or even necessary, while in bbk politics dissertation it may be worse bbk politics dissertation tolerance.
Butler argues that hate speech exists retrospectively, only after being declared such by state authorities, bbk politics dissertation. In this way, the state reserves for itself the power to define hate speech and, conversely, the limits of acceptable discourse. In this connection, Butler criticizes feminist legal scholar Catharine MacKinnon 's argument against pornography for its unquestioning acceptance of the state's power to censor.
Deploying Foucault 's argument from the first volume of The History of SexualityButler claims that any attempt at censorship, legal or otherwise, necessarily propagates the very language it seeks to forbid. In this way, Butler questions the possibility of any genuinely oppositional discourse; "If speech depends upon censorship, bbk politics dissertation, then the principle that one might seek to oppose is at once the formative principle of oppositional speech".
Undoing Gender collects Butler's reflections on gender, sex, sexuality, psychoanalysis and the medical treatment of intersex people for a more general readership than many of their other books. Butler revisits and refines their notion of performativity and focuses on the question of undoing "restrictively normative conceptions of sexual and bbk politics dissertation life".
Butler discusses how bbk politics dissertation is performed without one being conscious of it, but says that it does not mean this performativity is "automatic or mechanical".
They argue that we have desires that do not originate from our personhood, but rather, bbk politics dissertation, from social norms. The writer also debates our notions of "human" and "less-than-human" and how these culturally imposed ideas can keep one from having a "viable life" as the biggest concerns are usually about whether a person will be accepted if his or her desires differ from normality.
Butler states that one may feel the need of being recognized in order to live, but that at the same time, the conditions to be recognized make life "unlivable". The writer proposes an interrogation of such conditions so that people who resist them may have more possibilities of living.
In Butler's discussion of intersex issues and people, Butler addresses the case of David Reimera person whose sex was medically "reassigned" from male to female after bbk politics dissertation botched circumcision at eight months of age.
Reimer was "made" female by doctors, but later bbk politics dissertation life identified as "really" male, married and became a stepfather to his wife's three children, and went on to tell his story in As Nature Made Him: The Boy Who Was Raised as a Girlwhich he wrote with John Colapinto. Reimer died by suicide in In Giving an Account of OneselfButler develops an ethics based on the opacity of the subject to itself; in other words, the limits of self-knowledge.
Primarily borrowing from Theodor AdornoMichel FoucaultFriedrich NietzscheJean LaplancheAdriana Cavarero and Emmanuel LevinasButler develops a theory of the formation of the subject. Butler theorizes the subject in relation to the social — a community of others and their norms — which is beyond the control of the subject it forms, as precisely the very condition of that subject's formation, the resources by which the subject becomes recognizably human, a grammatical "I", in the first place.
Butler accepts the claim that if the subject is opaque to itself the limitations of its free ethical responsibility and obligations are due to the limits of narrative, presuppositions of language and projection. You may think that I am in fact telling a story about the prehistory of the subject, one that I have been arguing cannot be told.
There are two responses to this objection. It is not done with, over, relegated to a past, which then becomes part of a causal or narrative reconstruction of the self, bbk politics dissertation. On the contrary, that prehistory interrupts the story I have to give of myself, bbk politics dissertation, makes every account of myself partial and failed, bbk politics dissertation, and constitutes, in a way, my failure to be fully accountable for my actions, my final "irresponsibility," one for which I may be forgiven only because I could not do otherwise.
This not being able to do otherwise is our common predicament page Instead Butler argues for an ethics based precisely on the limits of self-knowledge as the limits of responsibility itself, bbk politics dissertation. Any concept of responsibility which demands the full transparency of the self to itself, an entirely accountable self, necessarily does violence to the opacity which marks the constitution of the self it addresses.
The scene bbk politics dissertation address by which responsibility is enabled is always already a relation between subjects who are variably opaque to themselves and to each other, bbk politics dissertation.
The ethics that Butler envisions is therefore one in which the responsible self knows the limits of its knowing, recognizes the limits of its capacity to give an account of itself to others, and respects those limits as symptomatically human.
To take seriously one's opacity to oneself in ethical bbk politics dissertation means then to critically interrogate the social world in which one comes to be human in the first place and bbk politics dissertation remains precisely that which one cannot know about oneself. In this way, bbk politics dissertation, Butler locates social and political critique at the core of ethical practice.
In Notes Toward a Performative Theory of AssemblyButler discusses the power of public gatherings, considering what they signify and how they work. In The Force bbk politics dissertation Nonviolence: An Ethico-Political BindButler connects the ideologies of nonviolence and the political struggle for social equality.
They review the traditional understanding of "nonviolence," stating that it "is often misunderstood as a passive bbk politics dissertation that emanates from a calm region of the soul, or as an individualist ethical relation to existing forms of power.
Butler's work has been influential in feminist and queer theory, cultural studiesand continental philosophy. Butler's work on gender, sex, sexuality, queerness, feminism, bodies, political speech and ethics has changed the way scholars all over the world think, talk and write about identity, subjectivity, power and politics. It has also changed the lives of countless people whose bodies, genders, bbk politics dissertation and desires have made them subject to violence, exclusion and oppression.
InDenis Dutton 's journal Philosophy and Literature awarded Butler first prize in its fourth annual "Bad Writing Competition", which set out to "celebrate bad writing from the most stylistically lamentable passages found in scholarly books and articles. The move from a structuralist account in which capital is understood to structure social relations in relatively homologous ways to a bbk politics dissertation of hegemony in which power relations are subject to repetition, bbk politics dissertation, convergence, and rearticulation brought the question of temporality into the thinking of structure, and marked a bbk politics dissertation from a form of Althusserian theory that takes structural bbk politics dissertation as theoretical objects to one in which the insights into the contingent possibility of structure inaugurate a renewed conception of hegemony as bound up with the contingent sites and strategies of the rearticulation of power, bbk politics dissertation.
Some critics have accused Butler of elitism due to their difficult prose style, while others claim that Butler reduces gender to "discourse" or promotes a form of gender voluntarism. Susan Bordofor example, has argued that Butler reduces gender to language bbk politics dissertation has contended that the body is a major part of gender, in bbk politics dissertation to Butler's conception of gender as performative.
Austin 's idea of performative utterancemakes erroneous legal claims, forecloses an essential site of resistance by repudiating pre-cultural agency, and provides no "normative theory of social justice and human dignity. Fraser has suggested that Butler's focus bbk politics dissertation performativity distances them from "everyday ways of talking and thinking about ourselves. Why should we use such a self-distancing idiom? Butler responded to criticisms of their prose in the preface to the edition of their book, Gender Trouble.
More recently, several critics—most prominently, Viviane Namaste [56] —have criticised Judith Butler's Undoing Gender for under-emphasizing the intersectional aspects of gender-based violence. For example, Timothy Laurie notes that Butler's use of phrases like "gender politics" and "gender violence" in relation to assaults on transgender individuals in the United States can "[scour] a landscape filled with class and labour relations, racialised urban stratification, and complex interactions between sexual identity, sexual practices and sex work", and produce instead "a clean surface on which struggles over 'the human' are imagined to play out".
German feminist Alice Schwarzer speaks of Butler's "radical intellectual bbk politics dissertation that would not change how society classifies and treats a woman; thus, by eliminating female and male identity Butler would have abolished the discourse about sexism in the queer community. Schwarzer also accuses Butler of remaining silent about the oppression of women and homosexuals in the Islamic world, bbk politics dissertation, while readily exercising their right to same-sex-marriage in the United States; instead, Butler would sweepingly defend Islamincluding Islamismfrom critics.
Much of Butler's early political activism centered around queer and feminist issues, and they served, for a period of time, as the chair of the board of the International Gay and Lesbian Human Rights Commission. More recently, Butler has been active in the Occupy movement and has publicly expressed support for a version of the BDS Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions campaign against Israel. They emphasize that Israel does not and should not be taken to represent all Jews or Jewish opinion.
On September 7,Butler participated in a faculty-organized teach-in against the Lebanon War at the University of California, Berkeley. Bbk politics dissertation cited racist comments on the part of organizers and a general failure of CSD organizations to distance themselves from racism in general and from anti-Muslim excuses for war more specifically.
Criticizing the event's commercialism, bbk politics dissertation, Butler went on to name several groups that they commended as stronger opponents of "homophobia, bbk politics dissertation, transphobia, sexism, racism, and militarism". In OctoberButler attended Occupy Wall Street and, in reference to calls for clarification of the protesters' demands, they said:.
People have asked, so what are the demands? What are the demands all of these people are making? Either they say there are no demands and that leaves your critics confused, or they say that the demands for social equality and economic justice are impossible demands. And the impossible demands, they say, are just not practical.
If hope is an impossible demand, then we demand the impossible — that the right to shelter, food and employment are impossible demands, bbk politics dissertation, then we demand the impossible.
If it is impossible to demand that those who profit from the recession redistribute their wealth and cease their greed, then yes, we demand the impossible.
When Butler received the Adorno Prizethe prize committee came under attack from Israel's Ambassador to Germany Yakov Hadas-Handelsman; the director of the Simon Wiesenthal Center office in Jerusalem, Efraim Zuroff ; [66] and the German Central Council of Jews. They were upset at Butler's selection because of Butler's remarks about Israel and specifically Butler's "calls for a boycott against Israel". In a letter to the Mondoweiss website, Butler asserted that they developed strong ethical views on the basis of Jewish philosophical thought and that it is "blatantly untrue, absurd, and painful for anyone to argue that those who formulate a criticism of the State of Israel is anti-Semitic or, bbk politics dissertation, if Jewish, self-hating", bbk politics dissertation.
Butler was criticized for statements they had made about Hamas and Hezbollah. Butler was accused of describing them as "social movements that are progressive, that are on the Left, bbk politics dissertation, that are part of a global Left. Butler responded to these criticisms by stating that their remarks bbk politics dissertation Hamas and Hezbollah were taken completely out of context and, in so doing, their established views on non-violence were contradicted and misrepresented.
Butler describes the origin of their remarks on Hamas and Hezbollah in the following way:. I was asked by a member of an academic audience a few years ago whether I thought Bbk politics dissertation and Hezbollah belonged to "the global left" and I replied with two points.
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Mar 11, · First Annual Law School Fair: coronavirus style. @blogger.comsociety it’s been great being your president, but I swear I’ve seen it all at this point! (disclaimer for anyone seeing this post, this event happened the day before my university shut down From study skills to English language sessions, we support undergraduate and postgraduate students in every area needed to be a successful student, particularly if you are returning to study after a break Sep 23, · Evolution des crimes et délits enregistrés en France entre et , statistiques détaillées au niveau national, départemental et jusqu'au service de police ou gendarmerie Associations: Subventions par mot dans les noms des associations
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