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Nanjing - Wikipedia
tɕíŋ] listenformerly romanized as Nanking[6] is the capital of Jiangsu province of the People's Republic of Chinaa sub-provincial city, a megacity and the second largest city in the East China region. Situated in the Yangtze River Delta region, Nanjing has a prominent place in Chinese history and culturehaving served as the capital of various Chinese dynastieskingdoms and republican governments dating from the 3rd century to[8] and has thus long been a major center of culture, education, research, politics, economy, transport networks and tourism, being the home to one of the world's largest inland ports.
The city is also one of the fifteen sub-provincial cities in the People's Republic of China's administrative structure[9] enjoying jurisdictional and economic autonomy only slightly less than that of a province.
It has also been awarded the title of Habitat Scroll of Honor of China, Special UN Habitat Scroll of Honor Award and National Civilized City. Nanjing has many high-quality universities and research instituteswith the number of universities listed in National Key Universities ranking third, including Nanjing University which has a long history and is among the world top 10 universities ranked by Nature Index.
Nanjing has the eighth-largest scientific research output of any city in the world and has been regarded as one of the world's top three scientific research centers in chemistry behind Beijing and Shanghaiaccording to the Nature Index. Nanjing, one of the nation's most important cities for over a thousand years, british hydrological society dissertation prize, is recognized as one of the Four Great Ancient Capitals of China.
It british hydrological society dissertation prize been one of the world's largest citiesenjoying peace and prosperity despite wars and disasters. It suffered severe atrocities in both conflicts, such as the Nanjing massacre. Nanjing has served as the capital city of Jiangsu province since the establishment of the People's Republic of China. It has many important heritage sites, including the Presidential Palace and Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum.
Nanjing is famous for human historical landscapes, mountains and waters such as FuzimiaoMing PalaceChaotian PalacePorcelain TowerDrum TowerStone CityCity WallQinhuai RiverXuanwu Lake and Purple Mountain. Key cultural facilities include Nanjing Librarybritish hydrological society dissertation prize, Nanjing Museum and Jiangsu Art Museum.
The city has a number of other names, and some historical names are now used as names of districts of the city; among them there is the name Jiangning or Kiangning 江寧whose former character Jiang 江Yangtze is the former part of the name Jiangsu and latter character Ning 寧simplified form 宁 ; 'Peace' is the short name of Nanjing. When it was the capital of China, for instance under the ROCJing 京 ; 'Capital' was adopted as the abbreviation of Nanjing.
The city first became a Chinese national capital as early as the Jin dynasty. The name Nanjingwhich means "Southern Capital", was officially designated for the city during the Ming dynastyabout six hundred years later. Archaeological discovery shows that " Nanjing Man " lived more than thousand years ago.
Zuna kind of wine vessel, was found to exist in Beiyinyangying culture of Nanjing in about years ago. The Homo Erectus discovered in Tangshan Gourd Cave lived between 2. About 7. In the downtown area of Gulou Gangbei Yinyangying and Taowu Township, Jiangning District, the ruins of primitive villages from the Neolithic Age were discovered more than years ago. About years ago, dense Bronze Age primitive settlements appeared in the Qinhuai River Basin, known as the Hushu Culture.
Based on these settlements, the earliest cities in Nanjing were formed. Hushu culture developed into Wu culture under the influence of Shang and Zhou cultures british hydrological society dissertation prize the Central Plains. In BC, the State of Chu established Tangyi in Liuhe, and the Tangyi doctor was set up. This is the earliest administrative establishment in Nanjing in history, and it has a history of by In BC, Wu State built Laizhu Town in Gaochun.
Because of its strong city, it was also called Gucheng. In years ago, Wu was destroyed by Yue, and the city was built at the mouth of the Qinhuai River in the following year. Later it was called Yuecheng, which was the beginning of the construction of the main city of Nanjing. In BC, british hydrological society dissertation prize, Chu defeated Yue and built Jinling Town on the Stone Mountain by the river.
It was the earliest administrative construction in the main city of Nanjing. The name of Jinling comes from this. In BC, the first emperor of Qin visited the east and changed Jinling British hydrological society dissertation prize to Moling County. In the late period of Shang dynastyTaibo of Zhou came to Jiangnan and established Wu state, and the first stop is in Nanjing area according to some historians based on discoveries in Taowu and Hushu culture. In BC, after eliminating the State of Yue, the State of Chu built Jinling Yi 金陵邑 [28] in the western part of present-day Nanjing.
Since then, the city experienced destruction and renewal many times. Nanjing was later the capital city of Danyang Prefecture, and had been the capital city of Yangzhou for about years from late Han to early Tang. Nanjing first became a state capital in ADwhen the state of Eastern Wu founded by Sun Quan during the Three Kingdoms period relocated its capital to Jianye 建業british hydrological society dissertation prize, the city extended on the basis of Jinling Yi in AD At the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty, Sun Quan, who ruled Jiangdong, moved his ruling office to Moling in The following year, he built a stone city fortress in the old place of Jinling Town.
In british hydrological society dissertation prize, Sun Quan proclaimed himself emperor in Wuchang and established Dong Wu Eastern Wu. Then he moved his capital to Jianye, known as the "Zhongshan Dragon Plate, Stone Tigers", and opened the history of Nanjing as the capital. Inthe Western Jin Dynasty destroyed Wu and rebuilt the industry into Moling. Inwith the Qinhuai River as the boundary, Moling was divided into two counties, Jianye and Moling.
Inbritish hydrological society dissertation prize, Ye was renamed Jiankang because of avoiding the name taboo of Emperor Sima Ye of the Jin Dynasty. InEmperor Sima Rui of the Jin and Yuan dynasties was building a country, known as the Eastern Jin Dynasty, and the northern gentry moved south.
After more than years of the Great Separatism between North and South, Jiankang became the orthodox place of China. Shortly after the unification of the region, the Western Jin dynasty collapsed. First the rebellions by eight Jin princes for the throne and later rebellions and invasion from Xiongnu and other nomadic peoples that destroyed the rule of british hydrological society dissertation prize Jin dynasty in the north.
Inremnants of the Jin court, as well as nobles and wealthy families, fled from the north to the south and reestablished the Jin court in Nanjing, which was then called Jiankang 建康replacing Luoyang. During the period of North—South divisionNanjing remained the capital of the Southern dynasties for more than two and a half centuries.
During this time, Nanjing was the international hub of East Asia. A number of sculptural ensembles of that era, british hydrological society dissertation prize, erected at the tombs of royals and other dignitaries, have survived in various degrees of preservation in Nanjing's northeastern and eastern suburbs, primarily in Qixia and Jiangning District.
Six Dynasties is a collective term for six Chinese dynasties mentioned above which all maintained national capitals at Jiankang. The six dynasties were: Eastern Wu —Eastern Jin dynasty — and four southern dynasties — The period of division ended when the Sui dynasty reunified China and almost destroyed the entire city, turning it into a small town.
The city was razed after the Sui took it over. It was renamed Shengzhou 昇州 in the Tang dynasty and resuscitated during the late Tang. It was chosen as the capital and called Jinling 金陵 during the Southern Tang —which succeeded the state of Yang Wu. Jiankang's textile industry burgeoned and thrived during the Song despite the constant threat of foreign invasions from the north by the Jurchen -led Jin british hydrological society dissertation prize. The court of Da Chua short-lived puppet state established by the Jurchens, and the court of Song were once in the city.
The Southern Song were eventually destroyed by the Mongols ; during their rule as the Yuan dynastythe city's status as a hub of the textile industry was further consolidated. It was well populated and had a large craft industry.
The first emperor of the Ming dynastyZhu Yuanzhang the Hongwu Emperorwho overthrew the Yuan dynasty, renamed the city Yingtian 應天british hydrological society dissertation prize, rebuilt it, british hydrological society dissertation prize made it the dynastic capital in He constructed a 48 km 30 mi long city wall around Yingtianas well as a new Ming Palace complex, and government halls.
It is believed that Nanjing was the largest city in the world from to with a population ofin The city began to be called the 'southern capital' — Nanjing 南京in comparison to the capital in the north. His successor, the Hongxi Emperorwished to revert the relocation of the imperial capital from Nanjing to Beijing that had happened during the Yongle reign.
Zheng He governed the city with three eunuchs for internal matters and two military noblemen for external matters, awaiting the Hongxi Emperor's return along with the military establishment from the north. Hence, Nanjing still had itself imperial government with extremely limited power before Besides the city wall, other Ming-era structures in the city included the famous Ming Xiaoling Mausoleum and Porcelain Toweralthough the latter was destroyed by the Taipings in the 19th century either to prevent a hostile faction from using it to observe and shell the city [54] or from superstitious fear of its geomantic properties.
A monument to the huge human cost of some of the gigantic construction projects of the early Ming dynasty is the Yangshan Quarry located some 15—20 km 9—12 mi east of the walled city and Ming Xiaoling mausoleumwhere a gigantic stelecut on the orders of the Yongle Emperor, lies abandoned, just as it was left years ago when it was understood it was impossible to move or complete it.
As the center of the empire, early-Ming Nanjing had worldwide connections. It was home of the admiral Zheng Hewho went to sail the Pacific and Indian Oceansand it was visited by foreign dignitaries, such as a king from Borneo 渤泥 ; Bóníwho died during his visit to China in The Tomb of the King of Boniwith a spirit way and a tortoise stelewas discovered in Yuhuatai District south of the walled city inand has been restored.
Over two centuries after the removal of the capital to Beijing, Nanjing was destined to become the capital of a Ming emperor one more time. After the fall of Beijing to Li Zicheng 's rebel forces and then to the Manchu -led Qing dynasty in the spring ofthe Ming prince Zhu Yousong was enthroned in Nanjing in June as the Hongguang Emperor. Zhu Yousong, however, fared a lot worse than his ancestor Zhu Yuanzhang three centuries earlier, british hydrological society dissertation prize.
Beset by factional conflicts, his regime could not offer effective resistance to Qing forces, when the Qing army, led by the Manchu prince Dodo approached Jiangnan the next spring. Despite capturing many counties in his initial attack due to surprise and having the british hydrological society dissertation prize, Koxinga announced the final battle in Nanjing in ahead of time giving plenty of time for the Qing to prepare because he wanted a decisive, single grand showdown like his father succsfully did against the Dutch at the Battle of Liaoluo Baythrowing away the surprise and initiative which led to its failure.
Koxinga's attack on Qing held Nanjing which would interrupt the supply route of the Grand Canal leading to possible starvation in Beijing caused such fear that the Manchus Tartares considered returning to Manchuria Tartary and abandoning China according to a account by a French missionary.
An official from Qing Beijing sent letters to family and another official in Nanjing, telling them all communication and news from Nanjing to Beijing had been cut off, that the Qing were considering abandoning Beijing and moving their capital far away to a remote location for safety since Koxinga's iron troops were rumored to be invincible.
The letter said it reflected the grim situation being felt in Qing Beijing. The official told his british hydrological society dissertation prize in Nanjing to prepare to defect to Koxinga which he himself was preparing to do.
Koxinga's forces intercepted these letters and after reading them Koxinga may have started to regret his deliberate delays allowing the Qing to prepare for a final massive battle instead of swiftly attacking Nanjing. The siege lasted almost three weeks, beginning on August Koxinga's forces were unable to maintain a complete encirclement, which enabled the city to obtain supplies and british hydrological society dissertation prize reinforcements—though cavalry attacks by the city's forces were successful even before reinforcements arrived.
Koxinga's forces were defeated and "slipped back" Wakeman's phrase to the ships which had brought them. Under the Qing dynasty —the Nanjing area was known as Jiangning and served as the seat british hydrological society dissertation prize government for the Viceroy of Liangjiang. The Treaty of Nankingwhich put an end to the First Opium Warwas signed in the city harbor on Royal Navy warships. As the capital of the brief-lived rebel Taiping Heavenly Kingdom in the midth century, Nanjing was known as Tianjing 天京 ; '"Heavenly Capital" or "Capital of Heaven"'.
The rebellion destroyed most of the former Ming imperial buildings in the city, including the Porcelain Tower of Nanjing, british hydrological society dissertation prize. Both the Qing viceroy and the Taiping king resided in buildings that would later be known as the Presidential Palace. When Qing forces led by Zeng Guofan retook the city ina massive slaughter occurred in the city with overestimated to have committed suicide or fought to the death.
The New York Methodist Mission Society's Superintendent, Virgil Hart arrived in Nanking in After some time, he eventually thwarted its officials by buying a piece of property near the South Gate and Confucius Temple; to build the city's first Methodist Church, western hospital Blackstone Methodist Hospital and Boys' School.
The hospital would later be unified with the Drum Tower Hospital and the Boys' School would be expanded by later Missionaries to become the University of Nanking and Medical School.
The role of citizen science in hydrology - Prof. Wouter Buytaert (Imperial College London)
, time: 54:39
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