Dissertation thesis zamorano

Dissertation thesis zamorano

ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free We would like to show you a description here but the site won’t allow blogger.com more COVID continues to alter our daily activities, how we interact with one another and our environment at large. To adapt to the changes in our world and to ensure the health and safety of our valued patients and staff, Aspen has made the following alterations to our daily operating procedures and safety protocols

Salvador Allende - Wikipedia

He was the first Marxist to be elected president in a liberal democracy in Latin America. Allende's involvement in Chilean political life spanned a period of nearly forty years, having covered the posts of senatordeputy and cabinet minister.

As a life-long committed member of the Socialist Party of Chilewhose foundation he had actively contributed to, he unsuccessfully ran for the national presidency in the, and elections. Inhe won the presidency as the candidate of the Popular Unity coalition, in a close three-way race. He was elected in a run-off by Congress as no candidate had gained a majority. As president, Allende sought to nationalize major industries, expand education and improve the living standards of the working class.

He clashed with the right-wing parties that controlled Congress and with the judiciary, dissertation thesis zamorano. On 11 Septemberthe military moved to oust Allende in a coup d'état supported by the United States Central Intelligence Agency CIA. Following Allende's death, General Augusto Pinochet refused to return authority to a civilian government, and Chile was later ruled by a military junta that ruled untildissertation thesis zamorano, dissertation thesis zamorano more than four decades of uninterrupted democratic governance, dissertation thesis zamorano.

The military junta that took over dissolved the Congress of Chilesuspended the Constitutionand began a persecution of alleged dissidents, in which at least 3, civilians disappeared or were killed. Allende was born on 26 June [18] in Santiago.

Allende's family belonged to the Chilean upper middle class and had a long tradition of political involvement in progressive and liberal causes, dissertation thesis zamorano. His grandfather was a prominent physician and a social reformist who founded one of the first secular schools in Chile.

Allende attended high school at Instituto Nacional General José Miguel Carrera of Santiago and at the Liceo Eduardo de la Barra in Valparaíso. As a teenager, dissertation thesis zamorano, his main intellectual and political influence came from the shoe-maker Juan De Marchian Italian-born anarchist. Allende co-founded a section of the Socialist Party of Chile founded in with Marmaduque Grove and others in Valparaíso [21] and became its chairman.

He married Hortensia Bussi with whom he had three daughters. He was a Freemasona member of the Lodge Progreso No. InAllende was in charge of the electoral campaign of the Popular Front headed by Pedro Aguirre Cerda. Upon entering the government, Allende relinquished his congressional seat for Valparaíso, which he had won in Around that time, he wrote La Realidad Médico Social de Chile The social and medical reality of Chile.

After the Kristallnacht in Nazi GermanyAllende was one of 76 members of the Congress who sent a telegram to Adolf Hitler denouncing the persecution of Jews, dissertation thesis zamorano. InDissertation thesis zamorano became senator for the ValdiviaLlanquihueChiloéAisén and Magallanes provinces; then for Tarapacá and Antofagasta in ; for Aconcagua and Valparaíso in ; and dissertation thesis zamorano more for Chiloé, Aisén and Magallanes in He became president of the Chilean Senate in During the Fifties, Allende introduced legislation that established the Chilean national health service, the first program in the Americas to guarantee universal health care.

His three unsuccessful bids for the presidency in theand elections prompted Allende to joke that his epitaph would be "Here lies the next President of Chile. Inagain as the FRAP candidate, Allende obtained This time, his defeat was attributed to votes lost to the populist Antonio Zamorano. The CIA considered its role in the victory of Frei a great success. As it became clear that the election would be a race between Allende and Frei, the political right — which initially had backed Radical Julio Durán— settled for Frei as "the lesser evil".

Allende had a close relationship with the Chilean Communist Party from the beginning of his political career. On his fourth and successful bid for dissertation thesis zamorano presidency, the Communist Party supported him as the alternate for its own candidate, the world-renowned poet Pablo Neruda.

Allende was considered part of the moderate wing of the Socialists, with support from the Communists who favored taking power via parliamentary democracy; in contrast, the left-wing of the Socialists led by Carlos Altamirano and several other far-left parties called for violent insurrection. Some argue, however, that this was reversed at the end of his period in office. Allende won the Chilean presidential election as leader of the Unidad Popular "Popular Unity" coalition.

On 4 Septemberhe obtained a narrow plurality of According to the Chilean Constitution of the time, dissertation thesis zamorano, if no presidential candidate obtained a majority of the popular vote, Congress would choose one of the two candidates with the highest number of votes as the winner. Tradition was for Congress to vote for the candidate with the highest popular vote, regardless of margin.

Indeed, former president Jorge Alessandri had been elected in with only One month after the election, on 20 October, while the Senate had still to reach a decision and negotiations were actively in place between the Christian Democrats and the Popular Unity, General René SchneiderCommander in Chief of the Chilean Army, was shot resisting a kidnap attempt by a group led by General Roberto Viaux.

Hospitalized, dissertation thesis zamorano, he died of his wounds three days later, on 23 October. General Schneider's death was widely disapproved of and, for the time, ended military opposition to Allende, [42] whom the Congress finally chose on 24 October. On 26 October, President Eduardo Frei named General Carlos Prats as commander in chief of the army to replace René Schneider.

Allende assumed the Presidency on 3 November after signing a Statute of Constitutional Guarantees proposed by the Christian Democrats in return for their support in Congress. In an extensive interview with Régis Debray inAllende explained his dissertation thesis zamorano for agreeing to the guarantees.

Upon assuming the presidency, Allende began to carry out his platform of implementing a socialist programme called La vía chilena al socialismo "the Chilean Path to Socialism".

This included nationalization of large-scale industries notably copper mining and bankingand government administration of the health care system, educational dissertation thesis zamorano with the help of a United States educator, Jane A. Hobson-Gonzalez from Kokomo, Indianaa programme of free milk for children in the schools and shanty towns of Chile, and an expansion of the land seizure and redistribution already begun under his predecessor Eduardo Frei Montalva[46] who had nationalized between one-fifth and one-quarter of dissertation thesis zamorano the properties listed for takeover.

In Novemberdissertation thesis zamorano, 3, scholarships were allocated to Mapuche children in an effort to integrate the indigenous minority into the educational system, payment of pensions and grants was resumed, an emergency plan providing for the construction ofresidential buildings was launched, all part-time workers were granted rights to social security, a proposed electricity price increase was withdrawn, diplomatic relations were restored with Cuba, and political prisoners were granted an amnesty.

In December that same year, bread prices were fixed, 55, volunteers were sent to the south of the country to teach writing and reading skills and provide medical attention to a sector of the population dissertation thesis zamorano had previously been ignored, a central commission was established to oversee a tri-partite payment plan in which equal place was given to government, employees and employers, and a protocol agreement was signed with the United Centre of Workers which granted workers representational rights on the funding board of the Social Planning Ministry.

Workers benefited from increases in social security payments, an expanded public works program, and a modification of the wage and salary adjustment mechanism which had originally been introduced in the s to cope with the country's permanent inflationwhile middle-class Chileans benefited from the elimination of taxes on modest incomes and property.

In addition, the exemption from general taxation was raised to a level equivalent to twice the minimum wage. Exemptions from capital taxes were also extended, which benefittedsmall proprietors, dissertation thesis zamorano.

The extra increases that Frei dissertation thesis zamorano to the armed forces were also fully paid. The rate of inflation fell from Educational, food, and housing assistance was significantly expanded, with public-housing starts going up twelvefold and eligibility for free milk extended from age 6 to age The new Minister of Agriculture, Jacques Chonchol, promised to expropriate all estates which were larger than eighty "basic" hectares about acres.

This promise was kept, dissertation thesis zamorano, with no farm in Chile exceeding this limit by the end of Particularly in rural areas, the Allende Government launched a campaign against illiteracy, while adult education programs expanded, together with educational opportunities for workers. From through toenrollments in kindergarten, primary, secondary, and postsecondary schools all increased.

The Allende Government encouraged dissertation thesis zamorano doctors to begin their practices in rural and dissertation thesis zamorano urban dissertation thesis zamorano, and built additional hospitals, dissertation thesis zamorano, maternity clinics, and especially neighborhood health centers that remained open longer hours to serve the poor.

Improved sanitation and housing facilities for low-income neighborhoods also equalized health care benefits, while hospital councils and local health councils were established in neighborhood health centers as a means of democratizing the administration of health policies.

These councils gave central government civil servants, local government officials, health service employees, and community workers the right to review budgetary decisions. The Allende government also sought to bring the arts both serious and popular to the mass of the Chilean population by funding a number of cultural endeavours, dissertation thesis zamorano. With eighteen-year-olds and illiterates now granted the dissertation thesis zamorano to vote, mass participation in decision-making was encouraged by the Allende government, with traditional hierarchical structures now challenged by socialist egalitarianism.

The Allende Government was able to draw upon the idealism of its supporters, with teams of "Allendistas" travelling into the countryside and shanty towns to perform volunteer work. In the space of two years, 12 million copies of books, magazines, and documents 8 million dissertation thesis zamorano which were books specializing in social analysis, were published.

Cheap editions of great literary works were produced on a weekly basis, and in most cases were sold out within a day. Culture came into the reach of the masses for the first time, who responded enthusiastically. Through the supply of cheap textbooks, it enabled the Dissertation thesis zamorano to progress through the ideological content of the literature made available to workers.

To improve social and economic conditions for women, the Women's Dissertation thesis zamorano was established inwhich took on issues such as public laundry facilities, public food programs, day-care centers, and women's health care especially prenatal care. An unprecedentedstudents were enrolled by the universities, dissertation thesis zamorano, which became accessible to peasants and workers. Secondary education grew at a rate of Social spending was dramatically increased, particularly for housing, education, and health, while a major effort was made to redistribute dissertation thesis zamorano to poorer Chileans.

As a result of new initiatives in nutrition and health, together with higher wages, many poorer Chileans were able to feed themselves and clothe themselves better than they had been able to before.

Public access to the social security system was increased, while state benefits such as family allowances were raised significantly. In addition, while the average annual increase in personal spending had been 4.

According to Jennifer E. Pribble, this new spending "was reflected not only in public health campaigns, but also in the construction of health infrastructure". The National Supplementary Food Program was extended to all primary school pupils and to all pregnant women, regardless of their employment or income condition. Complementary nutritional schemes were applied to malnourished children, while antenatal care was emphasized. In enterprises in the Area of Social Ownership, an assembly of the workers elected half of the members of the management council for each company.

These bodies replaced the former board of directors. The incomes ofretirement pensioners were increased by the government from one-third of the minimum salary to the full amount.

Labor insurance cover was extended tomarket traders,small shop proprietors, 30, small industrialists, dissertation thesis zamorano, small owners, dissertation thesis zamorano, transport workers, clergy, professional sportsmen, dissertation thesis zamorano, and artesans. The public health service was improved, dissertation thesis zamorano, with the establishment of a system of dissertation thesis zamorano in working-class neighborhoods on the peripheries of the major cities, providing a health center for every 40, dissertation thesis zamorano. Statistics for construction in general, and house-building in particular, reached some of the highest levels in the history of Chile.

Workers were able to acquire goods which had previously been beyond their reach, such as dissertation thesis zamorano, refrigerators, and television sets. As further noted by Ricardo Israel Zipper. The popular living standards were dissertation thesis zamorano in terms of the employment situation, social services, consumption levels, and income distribution.

Chilean presidents were allowed a maximum term of six years, which may explain Allende's haste to restructure the economy. Not only was a major restructuring program organized the Vuskovic planhe had to make it a success if a socialist or communist successor to Allende was going to be elected.

The average Real GDP contracted between and at an annual rate of 5. Allende also dissertation thesis zamorano all prices while raising salaries. His implementation of these policies was strongly opposed by landowners, employers, businessmen and transporters associations, and some civil servants and professional unions.

The rightist opposition was led by the National Partythe Roman Catholic Church which in was displeased with the direction of educational policy[77] and eventually the Christian Democrats. There were growing tensions with foreign multinational corporations and the government of the United States, dissertation thesis zamorano. Allende also undertook the pioneeristic Project Cybersyna distributed decision support system for decentralized economic planningdeveloped by British cybernetics expert Stafford Beer.

Based on the experimental viable system model and the neural network approach to organizational design, dissertation thesis zamorano, the Project consisted of four modules: a network of telex machines Cybernet in all state-run enterprises that would transmit and receive information with the government in Santiago.

How To Choose A Research Topic For A Dissertation Or Thesis (7 Step Method + Examples)

, time: 38:41

Salvador Allende - Wikipedia

ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free ResearchGate is a network dedicated to science and research. Connect, collaborate and discover scientific publications, jobs and conferences. All for free